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rational thought

  • 1 rational thought

    Универсальный англо-русский словарь > rational thought

  • 2 rational thought

    Англо-русский словарь по исследованиям и ноу-хау > rational thought

  • 3 rational

    rational ['ræʃənəl]
    (a) (capable of reason) doué de raison, raisonnable;
    ∎ a rational being un être doué de raison
    (b) (reasonable, logical → person) raisonnable; (→ behaviour, explanation) rationnel;
    ∎ it seemed like the rational thing to do il me semblait que c'était ce qu'il y avait de plus logique à faire;
    ∎ he is incapable of rational thought il est incapable de raisonner logiquement
    (c) (of sound mind, sane) lucide
    (d) Mathematics rationnel
    2 noun
    rationnel m
    ►► rational number nombre m rationnel

    Un panorama unique de l'anglais et du français > rational

  • 4 racional

    adj.
    rational.
    * * *
    1 rational
    * * *
    adj.
    * * *
    ADJ
    1) (Mat, Fil) rational
    2) (=razonable) reasonable, sensible
    * * *
    adjetivo rational
    * * *
    = rational, noetic, sane.
    Ex. AACR represented a significant element in the progress towards rational and standard cataloguing practices.
    Ex. Information is noetic form and form precisely as form cannot be the proper object of a science.
    Ex. Democracy to be sane must be desired by a people qualified by their own understanding to judge it and shape its course.
    ----
    * acto racional = rational act.
    * de un modo racional = rationally.
    * pensamiento racional = rational thought.
    * * *
    adjetivo rational
    * * *
    = rational, noetic, sane.

    Ex: AACR represented a significant element in the progress towards rational and standard cataloguing practices.

    Ex: Information is noetic form and form precisely as form cannot be the proper object of a science.
    Ex: Democracy to be sane must be desired by a people qualified by their own understanding to judge it and shape its course.
    * acto racional = rational act.
    * de un modo racional = rationally.
    * pensamiento racional = rational thought.

    * * *
    A
    el hombre es un animal racional man is a rational o thinking animal
    2 (lógico, razonable) rational
    B ( Mat) rational
    * * *

    racional adjetivo
    rational
    racional adjetivo rational
    ' racional' also found in these entries:
    English:
    rational
    - thinking
    * * *
    1. [dotado de razón] rational
    2. [lógico] rational
    3. Mat rational
    * * *
    adj rational
    * * *
    : rational, reasonable

    Spanish-English dictionary > racional

  • 5 pensamiento

    m.
    1 thought.
    leer el pensamiento a alguien to read somebody's mind o thoughts
    2 pansy (botany).
    3 thinking, ability to think.
    * * *
    1 (idea) thought
    2 (mente) mind
    3 BOTÁNICA pansy
    * * *
    noun m.
    * * *
    SM
    1) (=facultad) thought
    2) (=mente) mind

    acudir o venir al pensamiento de algn — to come to sb's mind

    no le pasó por el pensamiento — it never occurred to him, it never entered his mind

    3) (=cosa pensada) thought

    adivinar los pensamientos de algn — to read sb's thoughts, guess what sb is thinking

    pensamiento único — (Pol) single system of values

    4) (=propósito) idea, intention

    mi pensamiento es hacer algo — my idea o intention is to do sth

    5) (Bot) pansy
    * * *
    1)
    a) ( facultad) thought
    b) ( cosa pensada) thought
    c) ( doctrina) thinking
    d) ( máxima) thought
    2) (Bot) pansy
    * * *
    = mind, thinking, thought, rationality, strands of thought.
    Ex. Titles present filing problems (particularly in the minds of users).
    Ex. Let us attempt to examine first the thinking and philosophy behind the arrangement of libraries designed in this period.
    Ex. Amongst these are numbered: some specific legal and governmental works, such as laws, decrees, treaties; works that record the collective thought of a body, for example, reports of commissions and committees; and various cartographic materials.
    Ex. A model of how librarians may actually go about book selection is presented in three ways: rationality; tacit knowledge; and symbolic content.
    Ex. By looking at the work of some cyberfeminists, the author attempts to give a clearer picture of key debates and strands of thought in cyberfeminism.
    ----
    * adivinar el pensamiento = read + Posesivo + mind, read + Posesivo + thoughts.
    * corriente de pensamiento = trend of thought, stream of consciousness.
    * de pensamiento liberal = liberal-minded.
    * escuela de pensamiento = school of thought.
    * expresar + Posesivo + pensamientos = find + Posesivo + (own) voice, find + voice, find + a voice.
    * leer el pensamiento = read + Posesivo + mind, read + Posesivo + thoughts.
    * libertad de pensamiento = freedom of thought, freedom to think, free thought.
    * líder del pensamiento = leader of thought.
    * línea de pensamiento = line of thought.
    * método de pensamiento en voz alta = thinking aloud method.
    * pensamiento abstracto = abstract thought.
    * pensamiento analítico = analytic thinking.
    * pensamiento científico = scientific thought.
    * pensamiento creativo = creative thinking.
    * pensamiento crítico = critical thinking.
    * pensamiento deductivo = deductive thought.
    * pensamiento de grupo = groupthink.
    * pensamiento de orden superior = higher-order thinking.
    * pensamiento errante = meandering thought.
    * pensamiento errático = meandering thought.
    * pensamiento grupal = groupthink.
    * pensamiento humano = human thought.
    * pensamiento intelectual = intellectual thought.
    * pensamiento lateral = lateral thinking.
    * pensamiento liberal = liberal thought.
    * pensamiento libre = free thought.
    * pensamiento matemático = mathematical thinking.
    * pensamiento original = creative thinking.
    * pensamiento que ronda la cabeza de uno = thought + run through + Posesivo + head.
    * pensamiento racional = rational thought.
    * serie de pensamientos encadenados = chain of thoughts.
    * * *
    1)
    a) ( facultad) thought
    b) ( cosa pensada) thought
    c) ( doctrina) thinking
    d) ( máxima) thought
    2) (Bot) pansy
    * * *
    = mind, thinking, thought, rationality, strands of thought.

    Ex: Titles present filing problems (particularly in the minds of users).

    Ex: Let us attempt to examine first the thinking and philosophy behind the arrangement of libraries designed in this period.
    Ex: Amongst these are numbered: some specific legal and governmental works, such as laws, decrees, treaties; works that record the collective thought of a body, for example, reports of commissions and committees; and various cartographic materials.
    Ex: A model of how librarians may actually go about book selection is presented in three ways: rationality; tacit knowledge; and symbolic content.
    Ex: By looking at the work of some cyberfeminists, the author attempts to give a clearer picture of key debates and strands of thought in cyberfeminism.
    * adivinar el pensamiento = read + Posesivo + mind, read + Posesivo + thoughts.
    * corriente de pensamiento = trend of thought, stream of consciousness.
    * de pensamiento liberal = liberal-minded.
    * escuela de pensamiento = school of thought.
    * expresar + Posesivo + pensamientos = find + Posesivo + (own) voice, find + voice, find + a voice.
    * leer el pensamiento = read + Posesivo + mind, read + Posesivo + thoughts.
    * libertad de pensamiento = freedom of thought, freedom to think, free thought.
    * líder del pensamiento = leader of thought.
    * línea de pensamiento = line of thought.
    * método de pensamiento en voz alta = thinking aloud method.
    * pensamiento abstracto = abstract thought.
    * pensamiento analítico = analytic thinking.
    * pensamiento científico = scientific thought.
    * pensamiento creativo = creative thinking.
    * pensamiento crítico = critical thinking.
    * pensamiento deductivo = deductive thought.
    * pensamiento de grupo = groupthink.
    * pensamiento de orden superior = higher-order thinking.
    * pensamiento errante = meandering thought.
    * pensamiento errático = meandering thought.
    * pensamiento grupal = groupthink.
    * pensamiento humano = human thought.
    * pensamiento intelectual = intellectual thought.
    * pensamiento lateral = lateral thinking.
    * pensamiento liberal = liberal thought.
    * pensamiento libre = free thought.
    * pensamiento matemático = mathematical thinking.
    * pensamiento original = creative thinking.
    * pensamiento que ronda la cabeza de uno = thought + run through + Posesivo + head.
    * pensamiento racional = rational thought.
    * serie de pensamientos encadenados = chain of thoughts.

    * * *
    A
    1 (facultad) thought
    2 (cosa pensada) thought
    siempre me adivina el pensamiento she always knows what I'm thinking, she can always read my mind o my thoughts
    3 (doctrina) thinking
    el pensamiento político de la época the political thinking of the time
    4 (máxima, sentencia) thought
    estas citas son pensamientos de autores célebres these quotes are the thoughts of famous writers
    Compuesto:
    lateral thinking
    B ( Bot) pansy
    * * *

     

    pensamiento sustantivo masculino
    1




    2 (Bot) pansy
    pensamiento sustantivo masculino
    1 (una idea) thought
    2 (un conjunto de ideas) thinking
    3 Bot pansy
    ♦ Locuciones: leer el pensamiento, to read sb's mind
    pasársele a uno por el pensamiento, to come to one's mind
    ' pensamiento' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    adivinar
    - antípodas
    - asaltar
    - desterrar
    - espina
    - hilo
    - manifestar
    - vacía
    - vacío
    - abstraerse
    - agilizar
    - ánimo
    - leer
    - profundo
    - rondar
    - transmisión
    English:
    avert
    - deep
    - destructive
    - impure
    - impurity
    - pansy
    - private
    - reflection
    - run
    - thinking
    - thought
    - train
    - unvoiced
    - mind
    * * *
    1. [facultad] thought;
    [mente] mind;
    sumido en sus pensamientos deep in thought;
    no me pasó por el pensamiento it never crossed my mind;
    leer el pensamiento a alguien to read sb's mind o thoughts
    pensamiento lateral lateral thinking
    2. [idea] idea, thought;
    el pensamiento socialdemócrata social democratic thought o thinking
    Pol el pensamiento único:
    según el pensamiento único… according to the current free-market liberal-democratic consensus…
    3. [sentencia] maxim, saying
    4. [flor] pansy
    * * *
    m
    1 ( reflexión) thought
    2 BOT pansy
    * * *
    1) : thought
    2) : thinking
    3) : pansy
    * * *
    pensamiento n thought

    Spanish-English dictionary > pensamiento

  • 6 pensamiento racional

    Ex. Our political class yaps and squeals but is incapable of rational thought.
    * * *

    Ex: Our political class yaps and squeals but is incapable of rational thought.

    Spanish-English dictionary > pensamiento racional

  • 7 chillar

    v.
    1 to scream, to yell (gritar) (person).
    2 to screech.
    3 to yell at (informal) (reñir).
    4 to shriek, to screech, to howl, to scream.
    5 to bawl out.
    * * *
    1 (persona) to scream, shriek, shout
    ■ ¡no chilles! stop shouting!
    ■ chilla más que no te oigo speak up, I can't hear you
    2 (cerdo) to squeal; (ratón) to squeak; (pájaro) to squawk, screech
    3 (radio) to blare; (frenos) to screech, squeal; (puerta, ventana) to creak, squeak
    4 (colores) to be loud, be gaudy, clash
    5 familiar (reñir) to tell off
    6 figurado (protestar) to protest, complain
    * * *
    verb
    * * *
    1. VI
    1) (=gritar) [persona] to shriek, scream; [gato, animal salvaje] to screech, yowl; [ratón] to squeak; [cerdo] to squeal; [ave] to screech, squawk; [radio] to blare
    2) (Mec) [frenos] to screech, squeal
    3) [colores] to scream, jar, be loud
    4) LAm (=llorar) to bawl
    2.
    See:
    * * *
    verbo intransitivo
    1) pájaro to screech; cerdo to squeal; ratón to squeak
    2)
    a) persona to shout, yell (colloq); (de dolor, miedo) to scream

    chillarle a alguien — to yell o shout at somebody

    b) bebé/niño ( llorar) to scream
    3) (Col) colores to clash
    * * *
    = screech, scream, shrill, howl, yelp, shriek, squeal, holler.
    Ex. They laughed and screeched and mocked as long as I went on swearing.
    Ex. What's the ordinary response if you're a red-blooded American consumer? I mean, you scream like hell and run to the store and demand your money back.
    Ex. And those users who are unfortunate enough to hit on a librarian who booms (or shrills) their private problems around the library floor may never ask a question again.
    Ex. If we do not listen to other people whispering their prayers today we may have to meet them tomorrow when they are howling their war cries.
    Ex. He yelped in pain and she grabbed his wrists and pinned his arms to the floor.
    Ex. At most summer camps, children shriek, laugh and generally make a ruckus.
    Ex. Our political class yaps and squeals but is incapable of rational thought.
    Ex. When McCall finished his book by saying, 'It makes me wanna holler and throw up my hands,' he almost described my reaction perfectly.
    ----
    * chillar a gripo pelado = scream + Posesivo + head off.
    * chillar a grito pelado = scream at + the top of + Posesivo + head, shout + Posesivo + head off, shout at + the top of + Posesivo + lungs, shout at + the top of + Posesivo + voice, scream at + the top of + Posesivo + voice, scream at + the top of + Posesivo + lungs, scream like + a banshee, wail like + a banshee.
    * chillar como alma en pena = scream like + a banshee, wail like + a banshee.
    * chillar como un cerdo = squeal like + a pig.
    * chillar como un condenado = scream like + a banshee.
    * chillar como un loco = shout + Posesivo + head off, scream + Posesivo + head off, shout at + the top of + Posesivo + lungs, scream at + the top of + Posesivo + head, shout at + the top of + Posesivo + voice, scream at + the top of + Posesivo + voice, scream at + the top of + Posesivo + lungs, scream like + a banshee, wail like + a banshee.
    * * *
    verbo intransitivo
    1) pájaro to screech; cerdo to squeal; ratón to squeak
    2)
    a) persona to shout, yell (colloq); (de dolor, miedo) to scream

    chillarle a alguien — to yell o shout at somebody

    b) bebé/niño ( llorar) to scream
    3) (Col) colores to clash
    * * *
    = screech, scream, shrill, howl, yelp, shriek, squeal, holler.

    Ex: They laughed and screeched and mocked as long as I went on swearing.

    Ex: What's the ordinary response if you're a red-blooded American consumer? I mean, you scream like hell and run to the store and demand your money back.
    Ex: And those users who are unfortunate enough to hit on a librarian who booms (or shrills) their private problems around the library floor may never ask a question again.
    Ex: If we do not listen to other people whispering their prayers today we may have to meet them tomorrow when they are howling their war cries.
    Ex: He yelped in pain and she grabbed his wrists and pinned his arms to the floor.
    Ex: At most summer camps, children shriek, laugh and generally make a ruckus.
    Ex: Our political class yaps and squeals but is incapable of rational thought.
    Ex: When McCall finished his book by saying, 'It makes me wanna holler and throw up my hands,' he almost described my reaction perfectly.
    * chillar a gripo pelado = scream + Posesivo + head off.
    * chillar a grito pelado = scream at + the top of + Posesivo + head, shout + Posesivo + head off, shout at + the top of + Posesivo + lungs, shout at + the top of + Posesivo + voice, scream at + the top of + Posesivo + voice, scream at + the top of + Posesivo + lungs, scream like + a banshee, wail like + a banshee.
    * chillar como alma en pena = scream like + a banshee, wail like + a banshee.
    * chillar como un cerdo = squeal like + a pig.
    * chillar como un condenado = scream like + a banshee.
    * chillar como un loco = shout + Posesivo + head off, scream + Posesivo + head off, shout at + the top of + Posesivo + lungs, scream at + the top of + Posesivo + head, shout at + the top of + Posesivo + voice, scream at + the top of + Posesivo + voice, scream at + the top of + Posesivo + lungs, scream like + a banshee, wail like + a banshee.

    * * *
    chillar [A1 ]
    vi
    A «pájaro» to screech; «cerdo» to squeal; «ratón» to squeak
    B
    1 (gritar) to shout, yell ( colloq); (de dolor) to scream; (de miedo) to scream, shriek
    chillaban como locos they were shouting their heads off, they were shouting like crazy o ( BrE) mad
    chillarle A algn to yell o shout AT sb
    no hace falta que me chilles, no estoy sorda there's no need to shout o yell, I'm not deaf
    si llega tarde le chillarán ( fam); if he's late he'll get a real earful o he'll get bawled out o he'll get yelled at ( colloq)
    2 «oídos» to ring
    3 «bebé/niño» (llorar) to scream
    C ( Col) «colores» to clash
    * * *

    chillar ( conjugate chillar) verbo intransitivo

    [ cerdo] to squeal;
    [ ratón] to squeak
    b) [ persona] to shout, yell (colloq);

    (de dolor, miedo) to scream;
    chillarle a algn to yell o shout at sb
    c) [bebé/niño] ( llorar) to scream

    chillar verbo intransitivo
    1 (emitir un chillido) to scream, shriek
    2 (levantar la voz) to shout
    3 (un ave) to screech
    (un cerdo) to squeal
    ' chillar' also found in these entries:
    English:
    bawl
    - call
    - jar
    - scream
    - screech
    - shriek
    - squall
    - squeak
    - squeal
    - cry
    - squawk
    * * *
    ♦ vi
    1. [gritar] [personas] to scream, to yell;
    [aves, monos] to screech; [cerdo] to squeal; [ratón] to squeak
    2. [hablar alto] to shout;
    chilla más, que aquí atrás no se te oye speak up, we can't hear you at the back;
    ¡no chilles, que no somos sordos! don't shout, we're not deaf!
    3. [chirriar] to screech;
    [puerta, madera] to creak; [bisagras] to squeak
    ♦ vt
    Fam [reñir] to yell o shout at;
    siempre le chilla al niño she's always yelling o shouting at the child;
    a mí no me chilla nadie no one shouts at me
    * * *
    v/i scream, shriek; de cerdo squeal
    * * *
    1) : to squeal, to screech
    2) : to scream, to yell
    3) : to be gaudy, to clash
    * * *
    1. (gritar) to shout
    2. (hablar más fuerte) to speak up [pt. spoke; pp. spoken]
    3. (berrear) to scream
    4. (loro, frenos) to screech
    5. (cerdo) to squeal
    6. (ratón) to squeak

    Spanish-English dictionary > chillar

  • 8 chirriar

    v.
    1 to screech.
    2 to squeak, to scrape, to creak, to screech.
    La puerta chirría al abrirse solamente The door squeaks only when it opens
    3 to chirp.
    El avecilla chirriaba alegre The little bird chirped happily.
    4 to make screechy sounds.
    Me chirrían los zapatos My shoes make screechy sounds.
    * * *
    Conjugation model [ DESVIAR], like link=desviar desviar
    2 (rueda, frenos) to screech, squeal; (puerta) to creak
    3 (aves) to squawk
    4 figurado (persona) to sing out of tune
    * * *
    verb
    to creak, squeak
    * * *
    VI
    1) (Zool) [grillo] to chirp, sing; [ave] to screech, squawk
    2) [bisagra, puerta] to creak, squeak
    3) [frenos] to screech, squeal
    4) And (=tiritar) [de frío] to shiver
    * * *
    verbo intransitivo puerta/gozne to squeak, creak; frenos/neumáticos to screech
    * * *
    = screech, squeal.
    Ex. They laughed and screeched and mocked as long as I went on swearing.
    Ex. Our political class yaps and squeals but is incapable of rational thought.
    * * *
    verbo intransitivo puerta/gozne to squeak, creak; frenos/neumáticos to screech
    * * *
    = screech, squeal.

    Ex: They laughed and screeched and mocked as long as I went on swearing.

    Ex: Our political class yaps and squeals but is incapable of rational thought.

    * * *
    vi
    «puerta/gozne» to squeak, creak; «frenos/neumáticos» to screech
    * * *

    chirriar ( conjugate chirriar) verbo intransitivo [puerta/gozne] to squeak, creak;
    [frenos/neumáticos] to screech
    chirriar vi (una bisagra, etc) to creak
    (los frenos del coche) to screech, squeal
    ' chirriar' also found in these entries:
    English:
    creak
    - grind
    - scrape
    - screech
    - squeak
    - grate
    - squeal
    * * *
    [sonar] to screech; [puerta, madera] to creak; [bisagra, muelles] to squeak
    * * *
    v/i squeak
    * * *
    chirriar {85} vi
    1) : to squeak, to creak
    2) : to screech
    ♦ chirriante adj
    * * *
    1. (rueda) to squeak
    2. (frenos) to screech
    3. (puerta) to creak

    Spanish-English dictionary > chirriar

  • 9 clase política

    Ex. Our political class yaps and squeals but is incapable of rational thought.
    * * *

    Ex: Our political class yaps and squeals but is incapable of rational thought.

    Spanish-English dictionary > clase política

  • 10 ladrar

    v.
    Los perros laten en la madrugada The dogs bark at dawn.
    2 to bark at.
    Me ladran los perros Dogs bark at me.
    * * *
    1 to bark
    * * *
    verb
    * * *
    VI [perro] to bark; [persona] to yell; [tripas] to rumble
    * * *
    verbo intransitivo
    a) perro to bark
    b) (fam) persona to yell (colloq), to bark (colloq)

    ladrar de hambre — (AmS fam) to be starving (colloq)

    * * *
    = bark, yelp, yap.
    Ex. A librarian should suspect that behind an enquiry such as `Where would I find the law about animals?' may lie an everyday irritation such as a neighbour's dog barking in the middle of the night.
    Ex. If you own a dog, you must not allow it to continually or frequently bark, howl, or yelp, disturbing the peace of others.
    Ex. Our political class yaps and squeals but is incapable of rational thought.
    ----
    * ladrarle a la luna = bay at + the moon, bark at + the moon.
    * * *
    verbo intransitivo
    a) perro to bark
    b) (fam) persona to yell (colloq), to bark (colloq)

    ladrar de hambre — (AmS fam) to be starving (colloq)

    * * *
    = bark, yelp, yap.

    Ex: A librarian should suspect that behind an enquiry such as `Where would I find the law about animals?' may lie an everyday irritation such as a neighbour's dog barking in the middle of the night.

    Ex: If you own a dog, you must not allow it to continually or frequently bark, howl, or yelp, disturbing the peace of others.
    Ex: Our political class yaps and squeals but is incapable of rational thought.
    * ladrarle a la luna = bay at + the moon, bark at + the moon.

    * * *
    ladrar [A1 ]
    vi
    1 «perro» to bark
    2 ( fam); «persona» to yell ( colloq), to bark ( colloq)
    estar ladrando ( Ven arg); to be broke ( colloq)
    ladrar de hambre (Col, Per fam); to be starving ( colloq)
    * * *

     

    ladrar ( conjugate ladrar) verbo intransitivo

    b) (fam) [ persona] to yell (colloq), to bark (colloq)

    ladrar verbo intransitivo to bark
    ' ladrar' also found in these entries:
    English:
    bark
    - yap
    * * *
    ladrar vi
    1. [perro] to bark
    2. [persona] to bark;
    Fam
    está que ladra he's hopping mad, US he's fit to be tied;
    Ven Fam
    estar ladrando [estar sin dinero] to be broke, Br to be skint;
    [tener hambre] to be starving
    * * *
    v/i bark
    * * *
    ladrar vi
    : to bark
    * * *
    ladrar vb to bark

    Spanish-English dictionary > ladrar

  • 11 Computers

       The brain has been compared to a digital computer because the neuron, like a switch or valve, either does or does not complete a circuit. But at that point the similarity ends. The switch in the digital computer is constant in its effect, and its effect is large in proportion to the total output of the machine. The effect produced by the neuron varies with its recovery from [the] refractory phase and with its metabolic state. The number of neurons involved in any action runs into millions so that the influence of any one is negligible.... Any cell in the system can be dispensed with.... The brain is an analogical machine, not digital. Analysis of the integrative activities will probably have to be in statistical terms. (Lashley, quoted in Beach, Hebb, Morgan & Nissen, 1960, p. 539)
       It is essential to realize that a computer is not a mere "number cruncher," or supercalculating arithmetic machine, although this is how computers are commonly regarded by people having no familiarity with artificial intelligence. Computers do not crunch numbers; they manipulate symbols.... Digital computers originally developed with mathematical problems in mind, are in fact general purpose symbol manipulating machines....
       The terms "computer" and "computation" are themselves unfortunate, in view of their misleading arithmetical connotations. The definition of artificial intelligence previously cited-"the study of intelligence as computation"-does not imply that intelligence is really counting. Intelligence may be defined as the ability creatively to manipulate symbols, or process information, given the requirements of the task in hand. (Boden, 1981, pp. 15, 16-17)
       The task is to get computers to explain things to themselves, to ask questions about their experiences so as to cause those explanations to be forthcoming, and to be creative in coming up with explanations that have not been previously available. (Schank, 1986, p. 19)
       In What Computers Can't Do, written in 1969 (2nd edition, 1972), the main objection to AI was the impossibility of using rules to select only those facts about the real world that were relevant in a given situation. The "Introduction" to the paperback edition of the book, published by Harper & Row in 1979, pointed out further that no one had the slightest idea how to represent the common sense understanding possessed even by a four-year-old. (Dreyfus & Dreyfus, 1986, p. 102)
       A popular myth says that the invention of the computer diminishes our sense of ourselves, because it shows that rational thought is not special to human beings, but can be carried on by a mere machine. It is a short stop from there to the conclusion that intelligence is mechanical, which many people find to be an affront to all that is most precious and singular about their humanness.
       In fact, the computer, early in its career, was not an instrument of the philistines, but a humanizing influence. It helped to revive an idea that had fallen into disrepute: the idea that the mind is real, that it has an inner structure and a complex organization, and can be understood in scientific terms. For some three decades, until the 1940s, American psychology had lain in the grip of the ice age of behaviorism, which was antimental through and through. During these years, extreme behaviorists banished the study of thought from their agenda. Mind and consciousness, thinking, imagining, planning, solving problems, were dismissed as worthless for anything except speculation. Only the external aspects of behavior, the surface manifestations, were grist for the scientist's mill, because only they could be observed and measured....
       It is one of the surprising gifts of the computer in the history of ideas that it played a part in giving back to psychology what it had lost, which was nothing less than the mind itself. In particular, there was a revival of interest in how the mind represents the world internally to itself, by means of knowledge structures such as ideas, symbols, images, and inner narratives, all of which had been consigned to the realm of mysticism. (Campbell, 1989, p. 10)
       [Our artifacts] only have meaning because we give it to them; their intentionality, like that of smoke signals and writing, is essentially borrowed, hence derivative. To put it bluntly: computers themselves don't mean anything by their tokens (any more than books do)-they only mean what we say they do. Genuine understanding, on the other hand, is intentional "in its own right" and not derivatively from something else. (Haugeland, 1981a, pp. 32-33)
       he debate over the possibility of computer thought will never be won or lost; it will simply cease to be of interest, like the previous debate over man as a clockwork mechanism. (Bolter, 1984, p. 190)
       t takes us a long time to emotionally digest a new idea. The computer is too big a step, and too recently made, for us to quickly recover our balance and gauge its potential. It's an enormous accelerator, perhaps the greatest one since the plow, twelve thousand years ago. As an intelligence amplifier, it speeds up everything-including itself-and it continually improves because its heart is information or, more plainly, ideas. We can no more calculate its consequences than Babbage could have foreseen antibiotics, the Pill, or space stations.
       Further, the effects of those ideas are rapidly compounding, because a computer design is itself just a set of ideas. As we get better at manipulating ideas by building ever better computers, we get better at building even better computers-it's an ever-escalating upward spiral. The early nineteenth century, when the computer's story began, is already so far back that it may as well be the Stone Age. (Rawlins, 1997, p. 19)
       According to weak AI, the principle value of the computer in the study of the mind is that it gives us a very powerful tool. For example, it enables us to formulate and test hypotheses in a more rigorous and precise fashion than before. But according to strong AI the computer is not merely a tool in the study of the mind; rather the appropriately programmed computer really is a mind in the sense that computers given the right programs can be literally said to understand and have other cognitive states. And according to strong AI, because the programmed computer has cognitive states, the programs are not mere tools that enable us to test psychological explanations; rather, the programs are themselves the explanations. (Searle, 1981b, p. 353)
       What makes people smarter than machines? They certainly are not quicker or more precise. Yet people are far better at perceiving objects in natural scenes and noting their relations, at understanding language and retrieving contextually appropriate information from memory, at making plans and carrying out contextually appropriate actions, and at a wide range of other natural cognitive tasks. People are also far better at learning to do these things more accurately and fluently through processing experience.
       What is the basis for these differences? One answer, perhaps the classic one we might expect from artificial intelligence, is "software." If we only had the right computer program, the argument goes, we might be able to capture the fluidity and adaptability of human information processing. Certainly this answer is partially correct. There have been great breakthroughs in our understanding of cognition as a result of the development of expressive high-level computer languages and powerful algorithms. However, we do not think that software is the whole story.
       In our view, people are smarter than today's computers because the brain employs a basic computational architecture that is more suited to deal with a central aspect of the natural information processing tasks that people are so good at.... hese tasks generally require the simultaneous consideration of many pieces of information or constraints. Each constraint may be imperfectly specified and ambiguous, yet each can play a potentially decisive role in determining the outcome of processing. (McClelland, Rumelhart & Hinton, 1986, pp. 3-4)

    Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Computers

  • 12 рациональное мышление

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > рациональное мышление

  • 13 capability

    noun capacidad
    tr[keɪpə'bɪlɪtɪ]
    1 (ability) capacidad nombre femenino (to, para/de)
    2 SMALLMILITARY/SMALL capacidad nombre femenino
    capability [.keɪpə'bɪlət̬i] n, pl - ties : capacidad f, habilidad f, competencia f
    n.
    • aptitud s.f.
    • capacidad s.f.
    • habilidad s.f.
    'keɪpə'bɪləti
    noun (pl - ties)
    a) u ( ability) capacidad f

    capability to + INF — capacidad para + inf

    b) capabilities pl ( potential) aptitudes fpl
    [ˌkeɪpǝ'bɪlɪtɪ]
    N (=competence) competencia f ; (=potential ability) capacidad f

    to have the capability to do sth — ser capaz de hacer algo, tener capacidad para hacer algo

    within/beyond one's capabilities — dentro de/más allá de sus posibilidades

    military/nuclear capability — potencial m militar/nuclear

    * * *
    ['keɪpə'bɪləti]
    noun (pl - ties)
    a) u ( ability) capacidad f

    capability to + INF — capacidad para + inf

    b) capabilities pl ( potential) aptitudes fpl

    English-spanish dictionary > capability

  • 14 dēsipiō

        dēsipiō —, —, ere    [de + sapio], to be void of understanding, be silly, act foolishly: licet me desipere dicatis: si non desipit augur, H.: Dulce est desipere in loco, to trifle, H.
    * * *
    desipere, desipui, - V INTRANS
    act/be foolish; be out of one's mind/lose one's reason/lack rational thought

    Latin-English dictionary > dēsipiō

  • 15 Philosophy

       And what I believe to be more important here is that I find in myself an infinity of ideas of certain things which cannot be assumed to be pure nothingness, even though they may have perhaps no existence outside of my thought. These things are not figments of my imagination, even though it is within my power to think of them or not to think of them; on the contrary, they have their own true and immutable natures. Thus, for example, when I imagine a triangle, even though there may perhaps be no such figure anywhere in the world outside of my thought, nor ever have been, nevertheless the figure cannot help having a certain determinate nature... or essence, which is immutable and eternal, which I have not invented and which does not in any way depend upon my mind. (Descartes, 1951, p. 61)
       Let us console ourselves for not knowing the possible connections between a spider and the rings of Saturn, and continue to examine what is within our reach. (Voltaire, 1961, p. 144)
       As modern physics started with the Newtonian revolution, so modern philosophy starts with what one might call the Cartesian Catastrophe. The catastrophe consisted in the splitting up of the world into the realms of matter and mind, and the identification of "mind" with conscious thinking. The result of this identification was the shallow rationalism of l'esprit Cartesien, and an impoverishment of psychology which it took three centuries to remedy even in part. (Koestler, 1964, p. 148)
       It has been made of late a reproach against natural philosophy that it has struck out on a path of its own, and has separated itself more and more widely from the other sciences which are united by common philological and historical studies. The opposition has, in fact, been long apparent, and seems to me to have grown up mainly under the influence of the Hegelian philosophy, or, at any rate, to have been brought out into more distinct relief by that philosophy.... The sole object of Kant's "Critical Philosophy" was to test the sources and the authority of our knowledge, and to fix a definite scope and standard for the researches of philosophy, as compared with other sciences.... [But Hegel's] "Philosophy of Identity" was bolder. It started with the hypothesis that not only spiritual phenomena, but even the actual world-nature, that is, and man-were the result of an act of thought on the part of a creative mind, similar, it was supposed, in kind to the human mind.... The philosophers accused the scientific men of narrowness; the scientific men retorted that the philosophers were crazy. And so it came about that men of science began to lay some stress on the banishment of all philosophic influences from their work; while some of them, including men of the greatest acuteness, went so far as to condemn philosophy altogether, not merely as useless, but as mischievous dreaming. Thus, it must be confessed, not only were the illegitimate pretensions of the Hegelian system to subordinate to itself all other studies rejected, but no regard was paid to the rightful claims of philosophy, that is, the criticism of the sources of cognition, and the definition of the functions of the intellect. (Helmholz, quoted in Dampier, 1966, pp. 291-292)
       Philosophy remains true to its classical tradition by renouncing it. (Habermas, 1972, p. 317)
       I have not attempted... to put forward any grand view of the nature of philosophy; nor do I have any such grand view to put forth if I would. It will be obvious that I do not agree with those who see philosophy as the history of "howlers" and progress in philosophy as the debunking of howlers. It will also be obvious that I do not agree with those who see philosophy as the enterprise of putting forward a priori truths about the world.... I see philosophy as a field which has certain central questions, for example, the relation between thought and reality.... It seems obvious that in dealing with these questions philosophers have formulated rival research programs, that they have put forward general hypotheses, and that philosophers within each major research program have modified their hypotheses by trial and error, even if they sometimes refuse to admit that that is what they are doing. To that extent philosophy is a "science." To argue about whether philosophy is a science in any more serious sense seems to me to be hardly a useful occupation.... It does not seem to me important to decide whether science is philosophy or philosophy is science as long as one has a conception of both that makes both essential to a responsible view of the world and of man's place in it. (Putnam, 1975, p. xvii)
       What can philosophy contribute to solving the problem of the relation [of] mind to body? Twenty years ago, many English-speaking philosophers would have answered: "Nothing beyond an analysis of the various mental concepts." If we seek knowledge of things, they thought, it is to science that we must turn. Philosophy can only cast light upon our concepts of those things.
       This retreat from things to concepts was not undertaken lightly. Ever since the seventeenth century, the great intellectual fact of our culture has been the incredible expansion of knowledge both in the natural and in the rational sciences (mathematics, logic).
       The success of science created a crisis in philosophy. What was there for philosophy to do? Hume had already perceived the problem in some degree, and so surely did Kant, but it was not until the twentieth century, with the Vienna Circle and with Wittgenstein, that the difficulty began to weigh heavily. Wittgenstein took the view that philosophy could do no more than strive to undo the intellectual knots it itself had tied, so achieving intellectual release, and even a certain illumination, but no knowledge. A little later, and more optimistically, Ryle saw a positive, if reduced role, for philosophy in mapping the "logical geography" of our concepts: how they stood to each other and how they were to be analyzed....
       Since that time, however, philosophers in the "analytic" tradition have swung back from Wittgensteinian and even Rylean pessimism to a more traditional conception of the proper role and tasks of philosophy. Many analytic philosophers now would accept the view that the central task of philosophy is to give an account, or at least play a part in giving an account, of the most general nature of things and of man. (Armstrong, 1990, pp. 37-38)
       8) Philosophy's Evolving Engagement with Artificial Intelligence and Cognitive Science
       In the beginning, the nature of philosophy's engagement with artificial intelligence and cognitive science was clear enough. The new sciences of the mind were to provide the long-awaited vindication of the most potent dreams of naturalism and materialism. Mind would at last be located firmly within the natural order. We would see in detail how the most perplexing features of the mental realm could be supported by the operations of solely physical laws upon solely physical stuff. Mental causation (the power of, e.g., a belief to cause an action) would emerge as just another species of physical causation. Reasoning would be understood as a kind of automated theorem proving. And the key to both was to be the depiction of the brain as the implementation of multiple higher level programs whose task was to manipulate and transform symbols or representations: inner items with one foot in the physical (they were realized as brain states) and one in the mental (they were bearers of contents, and their physical gymnastics were cleverly designed to respect semantic relationships such as truth preservation). (A. Clark, 1996, p. 1)
       Socrates of Athens famously declared that "the unexamined life is not worth living," and his motto aptly explains the impulse to philosophize. Taking nothing for granted, philosophy probes and questions the fundamental presuppositions of every area of human inquiry.... [P]art of the job of the philosopher is to keep at a certain critical distance from current doctrines, whether in the sciences or the arts, and to examine instead how the various elements in our world-view clash, or fit together. Some philosophers have tried to incorporate the results of these inquiries into a grand synoptic view of the nature of reality and our human relationship to it. Others have mistrusted system-building, and seen their primary role as one of clarifications, or the removal of obstacles along the road to truth. But all have shared the Socratic vision of using the human intellect to challenge comfortable preconceptions, insisting that every aspect of human theory and practice be subjected to continuing critical scrutiny....
       Philosophy is, of course, part of a continuing tradition, and there is much to be gained from seeing how that tradition originated and developed. But the principal object of studying the materials in this book is not to pay homage to past genius, but to enrich one's understanding of central problems that are as pressing today as they have always been-problems about knowledge, truth and reality, the nature of the mind, the basis of right action, and the best way to live. These questions help to mark out the territory of philosophy as an academic discipline, but in a wider sense they define the human predicament itself; they will surely continue to be with us for as long as humanity endures. (Cottingham, 1996, pp. xxi-xxii)
       In his study of ancient Greek culture, The Birth of Tragedy, Nietzsche drew what would become a famous distinction, between the Dionysian spirit, the untamed spirit of art and creativity, and the Apollonian, that of reason and self-control. The story of Greek civilization, and all civilizations, Nietzsche implied, was the gradual victory of Apollonian man, with his desire for control over nature and himself, over Dionysian man, who survives only in myth, poetry, music, and drama. Socrates and Plato had attacked the illusions of art as unreal, and had overturned the delicate cultural balance by valuing only man's critical, rational, and controlling consciousness while denigrating his vital life instincts as irrational and base. The result of this division is "Alexandrian man," the civilized and accomplished Greek citizen of the later ancient world, who is "equipped with the greatest forces of knowledge" but in whom the wellsprings of creativity have dried up. (Herman, 1997, pp. 95-96)

    Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Philosophy

  • 16 sense

    sens
    1. noun
    1) (one of the five powers (hearing, taste, sight, smell, touch) by which a person or animal feels or notices.) sentido
    2) (a feeling: He has an exaggerated sense of his own importance.) sensación, sentido
    3) (an awareness of (something): a well-developed musical sense; She has no sense of humour.) sentido
    4) (good judgement: You can rely on him - he has plenty of sense.) sentido común, juicio, sensatez
    5) (a meaning (of a word).) significado
    6) (something which is meaningful: Can you make sense of her letter?) sentido

    2. verb
    (to feel, become aware of, or realize: He sensed that she disapproved.) sentir, percibir
    - senselessly
    - senselessness
    - senses
    - sixth sense
    sense1 n
    1. sentido
    the five senses are: hearing, sight, taste, touch and smell los cinco sentidos son: el oído, la vista, el gusto, el tacto y el olfato
    2. sentido común / juicio / sensatez
    don't be stupid, use your common sense no seas estúpido, usa tu sentido común
    sense2 vb notar / sentir / darse cuenta
    tr[sens]
    1 (faculty) sentido
    2 (feeling - of well-being, loss) sensación nombre femenino; (awareness, appreciation - of justice, duty) sentido
    3 (wisdom, judgement) sentido común, juicio, sensatez nombre femenino, tino
    4 (reason, purpose) sentido
    ■ what's the sense in driving there? ¿qué sentido tiene conducir hasta allí?
    ■ there's no sense in crying ¿de qué sirve llorar?
    5 (meaning - gen) sentido; (- of word) significado, acepción nombre femenino
    1 (feel, perceive) sentir, percibir, presentir, intuir; (apprehend, detect) percibir, darse cuenta de
    2 (machine) detectar
    \
    SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALL
    in a sense hasta cierto punto, en cierto sentido
    in no sense de ninguna manera
    to be out of one's senses no estar en sus cabales
    to bring somebody to their senses hacer a alguien entrar en razón
    to come to one's senses recobrar el juicio
    to have a sense of occasion tener sentido de la ocasión
    to make sense (have clear meaning) tener sentido 2 (be sensible) ser razonable, ser sensato,-a
    to see sense entrar en razón
    to talk sense hablar con juicio
    sense organ órgano del sentido
    sense ['sɛnts] vt, sensed ; sensing : sentir
    he sensed danger: se dio cuenta del peligro
    1) meaning: sentido m, significado m
    2) : sentido m
    the sense of smell: el sentido del olfato
    3)
    to make sense : tener sentido
    adj.
    • sensitivo, -a adj.
    n.
    • juicio s.m.
    • mollera s.f.
    • opinión s.f.
    • sensación s.f.
    • sentido s.m.
    • testa s.f.
    v.
    • detectar (Teléfono) v.
    • percibir v.
    • sentir v.
    • sospechar v.

    I sens
    1)
    a) c ( physical faculty) sentido m

    the sense of hearing/smell/taste/touch — el (sentido del) oído/olfato/gusto/tacto

    to take leave of one's senses — perder* el juicio, volverse* loco

    2)
    a) ( impression) (no pl) sensación f

    I felt a sense of belonging/betrayal — me sentí aceptadoaicionado

    b) c u ( awareness) sentido m

    sense of direction/rhythm — sentido de la orientación/del ritmo

    sense of humor — sentido m del humor

    3) u
    a) ( common sense) sentido m común

    she had the (good) sense to leave her phone number — tuvo la sensatez or el tino de dejar su número de teléfono

    I'm going to knock o beat some sense into him! — voy a hacerlo entrar en razón

    b) (point, value) sentido m
    4) c
    a) ( meaning) sentido m, significado m

    the different senses of the word — las distintas acepciones or los distintos significados de la palabra

    b) (aspect, way)

    in a sense they're both correct — en cierto modo or sentido ambos tienen razón

    it must in no sense be taken as the final offer — no debe de ningún modo or de ninguna manera interpretarse como la oferta final

    a) ( be comprehensible) tener* sentido

    to make sense of something — entender* algo


    II
    a) ( be aware of) sentir*, notar

    I sensed that they weren't very happy — sentí or intuí que no estaban muy contentos

    b) ( detect) ( Tech) detectar
    [sens]
    1. N
    1) (bodily) sentido m

    sense of hearing/smell/taste/touch — sentido m del oído/olfato/gusto/tacto

    sense of sight — sentido m de la vista

    • sixth sense — sexto sentido

    2) (=feeling) sensación f

    • I was overcome by a sense of failure — me invadió una sensación de fracaso

    • I felt a terrible sense of guilt — me invadió un tremendo sentimiento de culpa or culpabilidad

    • I felt a terrible sense of loss — sentí un tremendo vacío

    • have you no sense of shame? — ¿es que no tienes vergüenza?

    • there is a sense of space in his paintings — sus cuadros transmiten una sensación de espacio

    • I lost all sense of time — perdí la noción del tiempo

    3) (=good judgement) sentido m común

    • to make sb see sense — hacer que algn entre en razón

    • to talk sense — hablar con sentido común, hablar con juicio

    4)

    • to make sense — (=be advisable) ser conveniente; (=be comprehensible, logical) tener sentido

    it doesn't make sense or it makes no sense — no tiene sentido

    • to make sense of sth, I could make no sense of what he was saying — no entendía nada de lo que decía, no podía sacar nada en claro de lo que decía

    5) (=point, use) sentido m

    what's the sense of having another meeting? — ¿qué sentido tiene celebrar otra reunión?

    6) senses (=sanity)

    • I hope this warning will bring him to his senses — espero que esta advertencia le haga entrar en razón

    • to come to one's senses — entrar en razón

    • no-one in his right senses would do that — nadie (que esté) en su sano juicio haría eso

    • have you taken leave of your senses? — ¿has perdido el juicio?

    7) (=meaning) (gen) sentido m ; (in dictionary) acepción f, significado m

    in what sense are you using the word? — ¿qué significado le das a la palabra?

    • in a sense — en cierto modo

    • in every sense (of the word) — en todos los sentidos (de la palabra)

    • in the full sense of that word — en toda la extensión de la palabra

    • in no sense can it be said that... — de ninguna manera se puede decir que...

    • in one sense — en cierto modo

    • in the strict/ true sense of the word — en el sentido estricto/en el verdadero sentido de la palabra

    8) (=awareness) sentido m

    • she has very good business sense — tiene muy buen ojo para los negocios

    • sense of direction — sentido m de la orientación

    • she has a strong sense of duty — tiene un arraigado sentido del deber

    • sense of humour — sentido m del humor

    • they have an exaggerated sense of their own importance — se creen bastante más importantes de lo que son

    • where's your sense of occasion? — tienes que estar a la altura de las circunstancias or la ocasión

    • we must keep a sense of proportion about this — no debemos darle a esto más importancia de la que tiene

    • one must have some sense of right and wrong — uno tiene que tener cierta noción de lo que está bien y lo que está mal

    • sense of self — (señas fpl de) identidad f

    • he has no sense of timing — es de lo más inoportuno

    • she needs to regain a sense of her own worth — necesita recuperar la confianza en sí misma

    9) (=opinion) opinión f

    what is your sense of the mood of the electorate? — ¿qué opinión le merece el clima que se respira entre el electorado?

    2. VT
    1) (=suspect, intuit) presentir

    he looked about him, sensing danger — miró a su alrededor, presintiendo peligro

    2) (=be conscious of) percibir
    3) (=realize) darse cuenta de
    3.
    CPD

    sense organ N — órgano m sensorial

    * * *

    I [sens]
    1)
    a) c ( physical faculty) sentido m

    the sense of hearing/smell/taste/touch — el (sentido del) oído/olfato/gusto/tacto

    to take leave of one's senses — perder* el juicio, volverse* loco

    2)
    a) ( impression) (no pl) sensación f

    I felt a sense of belonging/betrayal — me sentí aceptado/traicionado

    b) c u ( awareness) sentido m

    sense of direction/rhythm — sentido de la orientación/del ritmo

    sense of humor — sentido m del humor

    3) u
    a) ( common sense) sentido m común

    she had the (good) sense to leave her phone number — tuvo la sensatez or el tino de dejar su número de teléfono

    I'm going to knock o beat some sense into him! — voy a hacerlo entrar en razón

    b) (point, value) sentido m
    4) c
    a) ( meaning) sentido m, significado m

    the different senses of the word — las distintas acepciones or los distintos significados de la palabra

    b) (aspect, way)

    in a sense they're both correct — en cierto modo or sentido ambos tienen razón

    it must in no sense be taken as the final offer — no debe de ningún modo or de ninguna manera interpretarse como la oferta final

    a) ( be comprehensible) tener* sentido

    to make sense of something — entender* algo


    II
    a) ( be aware of) sentir*, notar

    I sensed that they weren't very happy — sentí or intuí que no estaban muy contentos

    b) ( detect) ( Tech) detectar

    English-spanish dictionary > sense

  • 17 confuso

    adj.
    1 confused, addled, bewildered, muddle-headed.
    2 confusing, perplexing, tangled, confusional.
    3 confused, blurry, blurred, obscure.
    4 confused, cluttered, disordered, mixed-up.
    * * *
    1 (ideas) confused
    2 (estilo etc) obscure, confused
    3 (recuerdos, formas) vague, blurred
    4 (mezclado) mixed up
    5 figurado (turbado) confused, embarrassed
    * * *
    (f. - confusa)
    adj.
    * * *
    ADJ
    1) (=poco claro) [ideas, noticias] confused; [recuerdo] hazy; [ruido] indistinct; [imagen] blurred

    tiene las ideas muy confusas — he has very confused ideas, his ideas are very mixed up

    2) (=desconcertado) confused

    no sé qué decir, estoy confuso — I don't know what to say, I'm overwhelmed

    * * *
    - sa adjetivo
    a) <idea/texto/explicación> confused; < recuerdo> confused, hazy; < imagen> blurred, hazy; < información> confused
    b) ( turbado) embarrassed, confused
    * * *
    = confusing, dim [dimmer -comp., dimmest -sup.], distraught, in confusion of purpose, indistinct, muddled, entangled, topsy-turvy, puzzled, messy [messier -comp., messiest -sup.], puzzling, mixed up, confused, in a state of turmoil, clouded, in a spin, dishevelled [disheveled, -USA], in disarray, foggy [foggier -comp., foggiest -sup.], blurry [blurrier -comp., blurriest -sup.], confounding, garbled, indistinctive, nonplussed [nonplused], addled, in a fog, chaotic, disorderly, shambolic, bleary [blearier -comp., bleariest -sup.], in a twirl, at sea, all over the place.
    Ex. The nature of the compilation of the code led to rather little consensus, and many alternative rules, which together made the code rather confusing.
    Ex. The genesis of this brave new world of solid state logic, in which bibliographic data are reduced to phantasmagoria on the faces of cathode-ray tubes (CRT), extends at most only three-quarters of a decade into the dim past.
    Ex. Before she could respond and follow up with a question about her distraught state, Feng escaped to the women's room.
    Ex. Without the ability to select when faced with these choices we would be like demented dogs chasing every attractive smell that reaches our noses in complete confusion of purpose.
    Ex. The typescript will be fuzzy and indistinct without the smooth, firm surface which the backing sheet offers.
    Ex. This paper analyses and proposes practical solutions to key problems in on-line IR, particulary in relation to ill-defined and muddled information requirements, concept representation in searching and text representation in indexing.
    Ex. The rapid spreading of electronic mail, bulletin boards, and newsletters give rise to an entangled pattern of standards.
    Ex. At a later stage he may make up topsy-turvy stories with reversals of the pattern; finally he will improvise and impose hiw own.
    Ex. While scanning the area under supervision, the librarian may detect persons who appear restless or puzzled.
    Ex. The author discusses current attempts to organize electronic information objects in a world that is messy, volatile and uncontrolled.
    Ex. The argument for expressiveness is that it helps users to find their way through the systematic arrangement, which is sometimes puzzling to them.
    Ex. They are mixed up as the talk meanders about, apparently without conscious pattern.
    Ex. She sat a long time on the couch, confused, questioning, pushing her thoughts into new latitudes.
    Ex. Before long the teachers were in a state of turmoil over the issue.
    Ex. The article 'The clouded crystal ball and the library profession' explains how the concepts of knowledge utilisation and information brokering are beginning to have an impact on the definition of the librarian's role.
    Ex. The article is entitled 'Digital revolution leaves pharmacists in a spin'.
    Ex. Ironically, there are very few who have realized the capitalist dream of easy profits and the concept of a new knowledged-based economy now looks somewhat disheveled.
    Ex. Sometimes cataloguers access other libraries' OPACs in order to resolve difficult problems when important parts of the item being catalogued are missing or are in disarray.
    Ex. What they will not do is clear up the foggy area in most cataloguers' minds, the area that leads to an inconsistent application of half-understood principles'.
    Ex. On the other hand, a distinction that was thought to be quite clear turns out to be rather blurry.
    Ex. The need to control for the effect of confounding variables is central to empirical research in many disciplines.
    Ex. The client phoned in the afternoon to tell me that there was garbled data again in the large text field they use for notes.
    Ex. This research suggests that people are threatened by categorizations that portray them as too distinctive or too indistinctive.
    Ex. He was nonplussed when the crowd he expected protesting his policy of arresting illegal immigrants turned out to be seven.
    Ex. They were too addled to come to any definite conclusion.
    Ex. After practice, however, the usually affable Jackson looked to be in a fog as he prepared to walk to his locker.
    Ex. Otherwise the situation would become chaotic.
    Ex. Empirical studies of decision making have found that the process is more disorderly than described in rational models.
    Ex. Hundreds of usually loyal fans booed and jeered as the tortured singer delivered a shambolic and apparently drunken performance.
    Ex. Her eyes were dry and her head bleary from spending all week totally consumed with work.
    Ex. I had never been to a professional golf tournament, and the excitement and action had my head in a twirl.
    Ex. This site seems to be giving tons of options and am completely at sea as to how to go about choosing the best one.
    Ex. Mr Hammond said the Liberal Democrats are ' all over the place' on the economy.
    ----
    * de manera confusa = hazily.
    * estar confuso = be at sixes and sevens with, be at a nonplus, be all at sea.
    * masa confusa = mush.
    * resultar confuso = prove + confusing.
    * sentirse confuso = feel at + sea, be all at sea.
    * ser confuso = be deceiving.
    * surgir de un modo confuso = grow + like Topsy.
    * todo confuso = in a state of disarray.
    * * *
    - sa adjetivo
    a) <idea/texto/explicación> confused; < recuerdo> confused, hazy; < imagen> blurred, hazy; < información> confused
    b) ( turbado) embarrassed, confused
    * * *
    = confusing, dim [dimmer -comp., dimmest -sup.], distraught, in confusion of purpose, indistinct, muddled, entangled, topsy-turvy, puzzled, messy [messier -comp., messiest -sup.], puzzling, mixed up, confused, in a state of turmoil, clouded, in a spin, dishevelled [disheveled, -USA], in disarray, foggy [foggier -comp., foggiest -sup.], blurry [blurrier -comp., blurriest -sup.], confounding, garbled, indistinctive, nonplussed [nonplused], addled, in a fog, chaotic, disorderly, shambolic, bleary [blearier -comp., bleariest -sup.], in a twirl, at sea, all over the place.

    Ex: The nature of the compilation of the code led to rather little consensus, and many alternative rules, which together made the code rather confusing.

    Ex: The genesis of this brave new world of solid state logic, in which bibliographic data are reduced to phantasmagoria on the faces of cathode-ray tubes (CRT), extends at most only three-quarters of a decade into the dim past.
    Ex: Before she could respond and follow up with a question about her distraught state, Feng escaped to the women's room.
    Ex: Without the ability to select when faced with these choices we would be like demented dogs chasing every attractive smell that reaches our noses in complete confusion of purpose.
    Ex: The typescript will be fuzzy and indistinct without the smooth, firm surface which the backing sheet offers.
    Ex: This paper analyses and proposes practical solutions to key problems in on-line IR, particulary in relation to ill-defined and muddled information requirements, concept representation in searching and text representation in indexing.
    Ex: The rapid spreading of electronic mail, bulletin boards, and newsletters give rise to an entangled pattern of standards.
    Ex: At a later stage he may make up topsy-turvy stories with reversals of the pattern; finally he will improvise and impose hiw own.
    Ex: While scanning the area under supervision, the librarian may detect persons who appear restless or puzzled.
    Ex: The author discusses current attempts to organize electronic information objects in a world that is messy, volatile and uncontrolled.
    Ex: The argument for expressiveness is that it helps users to find their way through the systematic arrangement, which is sometimes puzzling to them.
    Ex: They are mixed up as the talk meanders about, apparently without conscious pattern.
    Ex: She sat a long time on the couch, confused, questioning, pushing her thoughts into new latitudes.
    Ex: Before long the teachers were in a state of turmoil over the issue.
    Ex: The article 'The clouded crystal ball and the library profession' explains how the concepts of knowledge utilisation and information brokering are beginning to have an impact on the definition of the librarian's role.
    Ex: The article is entitled 'Digital revolution leaves pharmacists in a spin'.
    Ex: Ironically, there are very few who have realized the capitalist dream of easy profits and the concept of a new knowledged-based economy now looks somewhat disheveled.
    Ex: Sometimes cataloguers access other libraries' OPACs in order to resolve difficult problems when important parts of the item being catalogued are missing or are in disarray.
    Ex: What they will not do is clear up the foggy area in most cataloguers' minds, the area that leads to an inconsistent application of half-understood principles'.
    Ex: On the other hand, a distinction that was thought to be quite clear turns out to be rather blurry.
    Ex: The need to control for the effect of confounding variables is central to empirical research in many disciplines.
    Ex: The client phoned in the afternoon to tell me that there was garbled data again in the large text field they use for notes.
    Ex: This research suggests that people are threatened by categorizations that portray them as too distinctive or too indistinctive.
    Ex: He was nonplussed when the crowd he expected protesting his policy of arresting illegal immigrants turned out to be seven.
    Ex: They were too addled to come to any definite conclusion.
    Ex: After practice, however, the usually affable Jackson looked to be in a fog as he prepared to walk to his locker.
    Ex: Otherwise the situation would become chaotic.
    Ex: Empirical studies of decision making have found that the process is more disorderly than described in rational models.
    Ex: Hundreds of usually loyal fans booed and jeered as the tortured singer delivered a shambolic and apparently drunken performance.
    Ex: Her eyes were dry and her head bleary from spending all week totally consumed with work.
    Ex: I had never been to a professional golf tournament, and the excitement and action had my head in a twirl.
    Ex: This site seems to be giving tons of options and am completely at sea as to how to go about choosing the best one.
    Ex: Mr Hammond said the Liberal Democrats are ' all over the place' on the economy.
    * de manera confusa = hazily.
    * estar confuso = be at sixes and sevens with, be at a nonplus, be all at sea.
    * masa confusa = mush.
    * resultar confuso = prove + confusing.
    * sentirse confuso = feel at + sea, be all at sea.
    * ser confuso = be deceiving.
    * surgir de un modo confuso = grow + like Topsy.
    * todo confuso = in a state of disarray.

    * * *
    confuso -sa
    1 ‹idea/texto› confused; ‹recuerdo› confused, hazy; ‹imagen› blurred, hazy
    dio una explicación muy confusa he gave a very confused explanation
    las noticias son confusas reports are confused
    2 (turbado) embarrassed, confused
    * * *

     

    confuso
    ◊ -sa adjetivo

    a) ‹idea/texto/explicación› confused;

    ‹ recuerdo› confused, hazy;
    ‹ imagen› blurred, hazy;
    ‹ información› confused

    confuso,-a adjetivo
    1 (idea, argumento, etc) confused, unclear
    2 (desconcertado) confused, perplexed
    ' confuso' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    confusa
    - apabullar
    - despistado
    - enmarañado
    English:
    confused
    - confusing
    - flounder
    - fuzzy
    - garbled
    - indistinct
    - mixed-up
    - muddy
    - spin
    - unclear
    - foggy
    - hazy
    - muddled
    * * *
    confuso, -a adj
    1. [poco claro] [clamor, griterío] confused;
    [contorno, forma, imagen] blurred; [explicación] confused
    2. [turbado] confused, bewildered;
    estar confuso to be confused o bewildered
    * * *
    adj confused
    * * *
    confuso, -sa adj
    1) : confused, mixed-up
    2) : obscure, indistinct
    * * *
    confuso adj
    1. (persona) confused
    2. (instrucciones, explicación, etc) confused / confusing

    Spanish-English dictionary > confuso

  • 18 ragionato

    ragionato agg. reasoned; logical, rational: una decisione ben ragionata, a well-reasoned (o well thought-out) decision; è stata una scelta ragionata, it was a reasoned (o considered) choice // bibliografia ragionata, annotated bibliography; catalogo ragionato, catalogue raisonné.
    * * *
    [radʒo'nato] 1. 2.
    1) (meditato, prudente) [osservazione, discorso] reasoned; [ scelta] rational, sensible, reasonable
    2) (ordinato razionalmente) [ biografia] critical; [ bibliografia] annotated
    * * *
    ragionato
    /radʒo'nato/
     →  ragionare
     1 (meditato, prudente) [osservazione, discorso] reasoned; [ scelta] rational, sensible, reasonable
     2 (ordinato razionalmente) [ biografia] critical; [ bibliografia] annotated.

    Dizionario Italiano-Inglese > ragionato

  • 19 БИБЛИОГРАФИЯ

    Мы приняли следующие сокращения для наиболее часто упоминаемых книг и журналов:
    IJP - International Journal of Psycho-analysis
    JAPA - Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association
    SE - Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud, ed. James Strachey (London: Hogarth Press and the Institute of Psycho-Analysis, 1953—74.)
    PSOC - Psychoanalytic Study of the Child (New Haven: Yale University Press)
    PQ - Psychoanalytic Quarterly
    WAF - The Writings of Anna Freud, ed. Anna Freud (New York: International Universities Press, 1966—74)
    PMC - Psychoanalysis The Major Concepts ed. Burness E. Moore and Bernard D. Fine (New Haven: Yale University Press)
    \
    О словаре: _about - Psychoanalytic Terms and Concepts
    \
    1. Abend, S. M. Identity. PMC. Forthcoming.
    2. Abend, S. M. (1974) Problems of identity. PQ, 43.
    3. Abend, S. M., Porder, M. S. & Willick, M. S. (1983) Borderline Patients. New York: Int. Univ. Press.
    4. Abraham, K. (1916) The first pregenital stage of libido. Selected Papers. London, Hogarth Press, 1948.
    5. Abraham, K. (1917) Ejaculatio praecox. In: selected Papers. New York Basic Books.
    6. Abraham, K. (1921) Contributions to the theory of the anal character. Selected Papers. New York: Basic Books, 1953.
    7. Abraham, K. (1924) A Short study of the development of the libido, viewed in the light of mental disorders. In: Selected Papers. London: Hogarth Press, 1927.
    8. Abraham, K. (1924) Manic-depressive states and the pre-genital levels of the libido. In: Selected Papers. London: Hogarth Press, 1949.
    9. Abraham, K. (1924) Selected Papers. London: Hogarth Press, 1948.
    10. Abraham, K. (1924) The influence of oral erotism on character formation. Ibid.
    11. Abraham, K. (1925) The history of an impostor in the light of psychoanalytic knowledge. In: Clinical Papers and Essays on Psychoanalysis. New York: Basic Books, 1955, vol. 2.
    12. Abrams, S. (1971) The psychoanalytic unconsciousness. In: The Unconscious Today, ed. M. Kanzer. New York: Int. Univ. Press.
    13. Abrams, S. (1981) Insight. PSOC, 36.
    14. Abse, D W. (1985) The depressive character In Depressive States and their Treatment, ed. V. Volkan New York: Jason Aronson.
    15. Abse, D. W. (1985) Hysteria and Related Mental Disorders. Bristol: John Wright.
    16. Ackner, B. (1954) Depersonalization. J. Ment. Sci., 100.
    17. Adler, A. (1924) Individual Psychology. New York: Harcourt, Brace.
    18. Akhtar, S. (1984) The syndrome of identity diffusion. Amer. J. Psychiat., 141.
    19. Alexander, F. (1950) Psychosomatic Medicine. New York: Norton.
    20. Allen, D. W. (1974) The Feat- of Looking. Charlottesvill, Va: Univ. Press of Virginia.
    21. Allen, D. W. (1980) Psychoanalytic treatment of the exhibitionist. In: Exhibitionist, Description, Assessment, and Treatment, ed. D. Cox. New York: Garland STPM Press.
    22. Allport, G. (1937) Personality. New York: Henry Holt.
    23. Almansi, R. J. (1960) The face-breast equation. JAPA, 6.
    24. Almansi, R. J. (1979) Scopophilia and object loss. PQ, 47.
    25. Altman, L. Z. (1969) The Dream in Psychoanalysis. New York: Int. Univ. Press.
    26. Altman, L. Z. (1977) Some vicissitudes of love. JAPA, 25.
    27. American Psychiatric Association. (1987) Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 3d ed. revised. Washington, D. C.
    28. Ansbacher, Z. & Ansbacher, R. (1956) The Individual Psychology of Alfred Adler. New York: Basic Books.
    29. Anthony, E. J. (1981) Shame, guilt, and the feminine self in psychoanalysis. In: Object and Self, ed. S. Tuttman, C. Kaye & M. Zimmerman. New York: Int. Univ. Press.
    30. Arlow. J. A. (1953) Masturbation and symptom formation. JAPA, 1.
    31. Arlow. J. A. (1959) The structure of the deja vu experience. JAPA, 7.
    32. Arlow. J. A. (1961) Ego psychology and the study of mythology. JAPA, 9.
    33. Arlow. J. A. (1963) Conflict, regression and symptom formation. IJP, 44.
    34. Arlow. J. A. (1966) Depersonalization and derealization. In: Psychoanalysis: A General Psychology, ed. R. M. Loewenstein, L. M. Newman, M. Schur & A. J. Solnit. New York: Int. Univ. Press.
    35. Arlow. J. A. (1969) Fantasy, memory and reality testing. PQ, 38.
    36. Arlow. J. A. (1969) Unconscious fantasy and disturbances of mental experience. PQ, 38.
    37. Arlow. J. A. (1970) The psychopathology of the psychoses. IJP, 51.
    38. Arlow. J. A. (1975) The structural hypothesis. PQ, 44.
    39. Arlow. J. A. (1977) Affects and the psychoanalytic situation. IJP, 58.
    40. Arlow. J. A. (1979) Metaphor and the psychoanalytic situation. PQ, 48.
    41. Arlow. J. A. (1979) The genesis of interpretation. JAPA, 27 (suppl.).
    42. Arlow. J. A. (1982) Problems of the superego concept. PSOC, 37.
    43. Arlow. J. A. (1984) Disturbances of the sense of time. PQ, 53.
    44. Arlow. J. A. (1985) Some technical problems of countertransference. PQ, 54.
    45. Arlow, J. A. & Brenner, C. (1963) Psychoanalytic Concepts and the Structural Theory, New York: Int. Univ. Press.
    46. Arlow, J. A. & Brenner, C. (1969) The psychopathology of the psychoses. IJP, 50.
    47. Asch, S. S. (1966) Depression. PSOC, 21.
    48. Asch, S. S. (1976) Varieties of negative therapeutic reactions and problems of technique. JAPA, 24.
    49. Atkins, N. (1970) The Oedipus myth. Adolescence, and the succession of generations. JAPA, 18.
    50. Atkinson, J. W. & Birch, D. (1970) The Dynamics of Action. New York: Wiley.
    51. Bachrach, H. M. & Leaff, L. A. (1978) Analyzability. JAPA, 26.
    52. Bacon, C. (1956) A developmental theory of female homosexuality. In: Perversions,ed, S. Lorand & M. Balint. New York: Gramercy.
    53. Bak, R. C. (1953) Fetishism. JAPA. 1.
    54. Bak, R. C. (1968) The phallic woman. PSOC, 23.
    55. Bak, R. C. & Stewart, W. A. (1974) Fetishism, transvestism, and voyeurism. An American Handbook of Psychiatry, ed. S. Arieti. New York: Basic Books, vol. 3.
    56. Balint, A. (1949) Love for mother and mother-love. IJP, 30.
    57. Balter, L., Lothane, Z. & Spencer, J. H. (1980) On the analyzing instrument, PQ, 49.
    58. Basch, M. F. (1973) Psychoanalysis and theory formation. Ann. Psychoanal., 1.
    59. Basch, M. F. (1976) The concept of affect. JAPA, 24.
    60. Basch, M. F. (1981) Selfobject disorders and psychoanalytic theory. JAPA, 29.
    61. Basch, M. F. (1983) Emphatic understanding. JAPA. 31.
    62. Balldry, F. Character. PMC. Forthcoming.
    63. Balldry, F. (1983) The evolution of the concept of character in Freud's writings. JAPA. 31.
    64. Begelman, D. A. (1971) Misnaming, metaphors, the medical model and some muddles. Psychiatry, 34.
    65. Behrends, R. S. & Blatt, E. J. (1985) Internalization and psychological development throughout the life cycle. PSOC, 40.
    66. Bell, A. (1961) Some observations on the role of the scrotal sac and testicles JAPA, 9.
    67. Benedeck, T. (1949) The psychosomatic implications of the primary unit. Amer. J. Orthopsychiat., 19.
    68. Beres, C. (1958) Vicissitudes of superego functions and superego precursors in childhood. FSOC, 13.
    69. Beres, D. Conflict. PMC. Forthcoming.
    70. Beres, D. (1956) Ego deviation and the concept of schizophrenia. PSOC, 11.
    71. Beres, D. (1960) Perception, imagination and reality. IJP, 41.
    72. Beres, D. (1960) The psychoanalytic psychology of imagination. JAPA, 8.
    73. Beres, D. & Joseph, E. D. (1965) Structure and function in psychoanalysis. IJP, 46.
    74. Beres, D. (1970) The concept of mental representation in psychoanalysis. IJP, 51.
    75. Berg, M D. (1977) The externalizing transference. IJP, 58.
    76. Bergeret, J. (1985) Reflection on the scientific responsi bilities of the International Psychoanalytical Association. Memorandum distributed at 34th IPA Congress, Humburg.
    77. Bergman, A. (1978) From mother to the world outside. In: Grolnick et. al. (1978).
    78. Bergmann, M. S. (1980) On the intrapsychic function of falling in love. PQ, 49.
    79. Berliner, B. (1966) Psychodynamics of the depressive character. Psychoanal. Forum, 1.
    80. Bernfeld, S. (1931) Zur Sublimierungslehre. Imago, 17.
    81. Bibring, E. (1937) On the theory of the therapeutic results of psychoanalysis. IJP, 18.
    82. Bibring, E. (1941) The conception of the repetition compulsion. PQ, 12.
    83. Bibring, E. (1953) The mechanism of depression. In: Affective Disorders, ed. P. Greenacre. New York: Int. Univ. Press.
    84. Bibring, E. (1954) Psychoanalysis and the dynamic psychotherapies. JAPA, 2.
    85. Binswanger, H. (1963) Positive aspects of the animus. Zьrich: Spring.
    86. Bion Francesca Abingdon: Fleetwood Press.
    87. Bion, W. R. (1952) Croup dynamics. IJP, 33.
    88. Bion, W. R. (1961) Experiences in Groups. London: Tavistock.
    89. Bion, W. R. (1962) A theory of thinking. IJP, 40.
    90. Bion, W. R. (1962) Learning from Experience. London: William Heinemann.
    91. Bion, W. R. (1963) Elements of Psychoanalysis. London: William Heinemann.
    92. Bion, W. R. (1965) Transformations. London: William Heinemann.
    93. Bion, W. R. (1970) Attention and Interpretation. London: Tavistock.
    94. Bion, W. R. (1985) All My Sins Remembered, ed. Francesca Bion. Adingdon: Fleetwood Press.
    95. Bird, B. (1972) Notes on transference. JAPA, 20.
    96. Blanck, G. & Blanck, R. (1974) Ego Psychology. New York: Columbia Univ. Press.
    97. Blatt, S. J. (1974) Levels of object representation in anaclitic and introjective depression. PSOC, 29.
    98. Blau, A. (1955) A unitary hypothesis of emotion. PQ, 24.
    99. Bleuler, E. (1911) Dementia Praecox or the Group of Schizophrenias. New York: Int. Univ. Press, 1951.
    100. Blos, P. (1954) Prolonged adolescence. Amer. J. Orthopsychiat., 24.
    101. Blos, P. (1962) On Adolescence. New York: Free Press.
    102. Blos, P. (1972) The epigenesia of the adult neurosis. 27.
    103. Blos, P. (1979) Modification in the traditional psychoanalytic theory of adolescent development. Adolescent Psychiat., 8.
    104. Blos, P. (1984) Son and father. JAPA_. 32.
    105. Blum, G. S. (1963) Prepuberty and adolescence, In Studies ed. R. E. Grinder. New York: McMillan.
    106. Blum, H. P. Symbolism. FMC. Forthcoming.
    107. Blum, H. P. (1976) Female Psychology. JAPA, 24 (suppl.).
    108. Blum, H. P. (1976) Masochism, the ego ideal and the psychology of women. JAPA, 24 (suppl.).
    109. Blum, H. P. (1980) The value of reconstruction in adult psychoanalysis. IJP, 61.
    110. Blum, H. P. (1981) Forbidden quest and the analytic ideal. PQ, 50.
    111. Blum, H. P. (1983) Defense and resistance. Foreword. JAFA, 31.
    112. Blum, H. P., Kramer, Y., Richards, A. K. & Richards, A. D., eds. (1988) Fantasy, Myth and Reality: Essays in Honor of Jacob A. Arlow. Madison, Conn.: Int. Univ. Press.
    113. Boehm, F. (1930) The femininity-complex In men. IJP,11.
    114. Boesky, D. Structural theory. PMC. Forthcoming.
    115. Boesky, D. (1973) Deja raconte as a screen defense. PQ, 42.
    116. Boesky, D. (1982) Acting out. IJP, 63.
    117. Boesky, D. (1986) Questions about Sublimation In Psychoanalysis the Science of Mental Conflict, ed. A. D. Richards & M. S. Willick. Hillsdale, N. J.: Analytic Press.
    118. Bornstein, B. (1935) Phobia in a 2 1/2-year-old child. PQ, 4.
    119. Bornstein, B. (1951) On latency. PSOC, 6.
    120. Bornstein, M., ed. (1983) Values and neutrality in psychoanalysis. Psychoanal. Inquiry, 3.
    121. Bowlby, J. (1960) Grief and morning in infancy and early childhood. PSOC. 15.
    122. Bowlby, J. (1961) Process of mourning. IJP. 42.
    123. Bowlby, J. (1980) Attachment and Loss, vol. 3. New York: Basic Books.
    124. Bradlow, P. A. (1973) Depersonalization, ego splitting, non-human fantasy and shame. IJP, 54.
    125. Brazelton, T. B., Kozlowsky, B. & Main, M. (1974) The early motherinfant interaction. In: The Effect of the Infant on Its Caregiver, ed. M. Lewis & L. Rosenblum New York Wiley.
    126. Brenner, C. (1957) The nature and development of the concept of repression in Freud's writings. PSOC, 12.
    127. Brenner, C. (1959) The masochistic character. JAPA, 7.
    128. Brenner, C. (1973) An Elementary Textbook of Psycho-analysis. New York Int. Univ. Press.
    129. Brenner, C. (1974) On the nature and development of affects PQ, 43.
    130. Brenner, C. (1976) Psychoanalytic Technique and Psychic Conflict. New York: Int. Univ. Press.
    131. Brenner, C. (1979) The Mind in Conflict. New York: Int. Univ. Press.
    132. Brenner, C. (1979) Working alliance, therapeutic alliance and transference. JAPA, 27.
    133. Brenner, C. (1981) Defense and defense mechanisms. PQ, 50.
    134. Brenner, C. (1983) Defense. In: the Mind in Conflict. New York Int. Univ. Press.
    135. Bressler, B. (1965) The concept of the self. Psychoanalytic Review, 52.
    136. Breuer, J. & Freud, S. (1983—95) Studies on Hysteria. SE, 3.
    137. Breznitz, S., ed. (1983) The Denial of Stress. New York: Int. Univ. Press.
    138. Brody, S. (1964) Passivity. New York: Int. Univ. Press.
    139. Brown, H. (1970) Psycholinquistics. New York: Free Press.
    140. Bruner, J. S. (1964) The course of cognitive growth. Amer. Psychologist. 19.
    141. Bruner, J., Jolly, A. & Sylva, K. (1976) Play. New York Basic Books.
    142. Bruner, J. E., Olver, R. R. &Greenfield, P. M. (1966) Studies in Cognitive Growth. New York: Wiley.
    143. Buie, D H. (1981) Empathy. JAPA, 29.
    144. Burgner, M. & Edgeumble, R. (1972) Some problems in the conceptualization of early object relationships. PSOC, 27.
    145. Call, J. ed. (1979) Basic Handbook of Child Psychiatry. New York: Basic Books.
    146. Carroll, G. (1956) Language, Thought and Reality. Cambridge & London: M. I. T. Press & John Wiley.
    147. Cavenar, J. O. & Nash, J. L. (1976) The effects of Combat on the normal personality. Comprehensive Psychiat., 17.
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    Словарь психоаналитических терминов и понятий > БИБЛИОГРАФИЯ

  • 20 thinking

    мышление имя существительное: имя прилагательное:

    Англо-русский синонимический словарь > thinking

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См. также в других словарях:

  • Rational egoism — is the thesis that the pursuit of one s own self interest is always rational. [Baier (1990), p. 201; Gert (1998), p. 69; Shaver (2002), §3; Moseley (2006), §2.] The view is a normative form of egoism. However, it is different from other forms of… …   Wikipedia

  • rational — 01. I think we need to talk about this calmly, and try to make a [rational] decision together. 02. It s difficult to think [rationally] when everyone is so emotional about the subject. 03. In our modern age, [rationality] has become too important …   Grammatical examples in English

  • Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy — (REBT) is a comprehensive, active directive, philosophically and empirically based psychotherapy which focuses on resolving emotional and behavioral problems and disturbances and enabling people to lead happier and more fulfilling lives. REBT was …   Wikipedia

  • Rational mysticism — Rational mysticism, which encompasses both rationalism and mysticism, is a term used by scholars, researchers, and other intellectuals, some of whom engage in studies of how altered states of consciousness or transcendence such as trance, visions …   Wikipedia

  • Rational pricing — is the assumption in financial economics that asset prices (and hence asset pricing models) will reflect the arbitrage free price of the asset as any deviation from this price will be arbitraged away . This assumption is useful in pricing fixed… …   Wikipedia

  • Rational Animal — is a classical definition of man. [sep entry|aristotle metaphysics|Aristotle s Metaphysics] Aristotle used it as a primary example to illustrate both the basic structure of definitions and how he thought definitions could provide an understanding …   Wikipedia

  • Thought (disambiguation) — Thought is a mental process which allows beings to be conscious, make decisions, imagine and, in general, operate on symbols in a rational or irrational manner. It is an element/instance of thinking and is used as its synonym.Thought may refer to …   Wikipedia

  • Rational choice theory — This article is about a theory of economics. For Rational Choice Theory as applied to criminology, see Rational choice theory (criminology). Economics …   Wikipedia

  • Rational function — In mathematics, a rational function is any function which can be written as the ratio of two polynomial functions. DefinitionsIn the case of one variable, x , a rational function is a function of the form: f(x) = frac{P(x)}{Q(x)}where P and Q are …   Wikipedia

  • Rational Decision-Making Model — The Rational Decision Making Model is a process for making logically sound decisions. [Robbins, Stephen P., and Timothy A. Judge. Organization Behavior. 12th ed. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Pearson Prentice Hall, 2007. 156 158.] The model… …   Wikipedia

  • rational — adj. VERBS ▪ be, seem ▪ It all seemed quite rational to me. ADVERB ▪ highly, very ▪ completely …   Collocations dictionary

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